irregular verbs الأفعال الشاذة

[fieldset=irregular verbs]
• Uses of the 3 main verb forms:
V1=base form • Present Simple
• “Future Simple” • I write in English every day.
• I will write an English essay tomorrow.
V2=Past Simple • Past Simple only! • Yesterday, I wrote 2 poems in English.
V3=Past participle • perfect tenses
• passive forms
• passive adjective • I have already written my English paper.
• This novel was written by Charles Dickens.
• This story is well-written.
Category 1: irregular ending with no vowel change, V2=V3

group 1: d ending changes to t, ent changes to end

bend bent bent
build built built
lend lent lent
send sent sent
spend spent spent


group 2: the verbs have and make

have \ has had had
make made made


group 3: regular (V2, V3) in US English, irregular in UK English

learn learned \ learnt learned \ learnt
burn burned \ burnt burned \ burnt
dwell dwelled \ dwelt dwelled \ dwelt
smell smelled \ smelt smelled \ smelt
spell spelled \ spelt spelled \ spelt
spill spilled \ spilt spilled \ spilt
spoil spoiled \ spoilt spoiled \ spoilt


group 4: ay ending changes to aid

*said is pronounced /sed/
lay
(the table,
clothes, eggs) laid laid
pay paid paid
say *said
(/sed/) *said
(/sed/)


Category 2: Vowel change, irregular ending, V2=V3


group 5: vowel change , d or t ending

creep crept crept
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt \ kneeled knelt \ kneeled
meet met met
sleep slept slept
sweep swept swept
weep wept wept
*leave left left



group 6: different pronunciation of the same vowel

d or t ending
deal dealt dealt
dream dreamed \ dreamt dreamed \ dreamt
lean leaned \ leant leaned \ leant
leap leapt leapt
mean meant meant
read read (/red/) read (/red/)
hear heard heard
group 7: ell turns to old

sell sold sold
tell told told


group 8: vowel change with ought (or *aught) ending

d or t ending
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
fight fought fought
seek sought sought
think thought thought
*catch caught caught
*teach taught taught


Category 3: Verbs with the same form V1=V2=V3


group 9: Verbs that do not change

d or t ending
bet bet bet
bid (to offer) bid bid
broadcast broadcast \
broadcasted broadcast \
broadcasted
burst burst burst
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
fit fit
(was the right size)
fitted
(tailored, changed size) fit
(was the right size)
fitted
(tailored, changed size)
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
put put put
set set set
shut shut shut
spread spread spread
quit quit quit


Category 4: Vowel change, V3 ending with (e)n

group 10: V2 and V3 with long /o / sound

break broke broken
choose chose chosen
freeze froze frozen
speak spoke spoken
steal stole stolen
awake awoke \ awaked awoken \ awaked
wake woke \ waked woken \ waked
weave wove woven


group 11: V2 long o sound, V3 shirt /i/ sound

arise arose arisen
rise rose risen
*ride rode *ridden
drive drove driven
*write wrote *written


group 12: The following verbs:

*bite bit *bitten
*hide hid *hidden
eat ate eaten
give gave given
forgive forgave forgiven
forbid * forbad(e) forbidden
* bid
( to command, farewell) bade *bidden
* forget forgot *forgotten
get got * gotten (AmE) \ got (BrE)
shake shook shaken
take took taken
see saw seen
beat beat beaten
fall fell fallen
lie
( down to rest) lay lain

Pay attention!
Do not confuse lie (tell a lie, regular), lie (down to rest, irregular), and lay (the table, irregular).

*lie
(tell a lie) lied lied
lie
(down to rest) lay lain
lay
(the table, eggs) laid laid


group 13: the ear-ore-orn pattern

bear bore born
swear swore sworn
tear tore torn
wear wore worn
group 14: V1 with ow, V2 with ew, V3 with own

blow blew blown

grow grew grown

know knew known

throw threw thrown

fly flew flown
draw drew *drawn



Category 5: regular V2, regular or irregular V3

group 15

show showed showed \ shown
sow sowed sowed \ sown
mow mowed mowed \ mown
swell swelled swelled \ swollen
sew sewed sewed \ sewn
*shine
(the shoes) shined shined
*shine
(brightly) shone shone


Category 6: vowel change, no ending, V2=V3

group 16: vowel change pattern, no ending

dig dug dug
stick stuck stuck
spin spun spun
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
swing swung swung
*hang
(a man) hanged hanged
*hang
(a picture) hung hung
slide slid slid
light lighted \ lit lighted \ lit
shoot shot shot


group 17: vowel change pattern i - ou - ou

bind bound bound
find found found
grind ground ground
wind wound wound


group 18: vowel change ee - e - e

bleed bled bled
feed fed fed
flee fled fled
*lead led led
*speed speeded \ sped speeded \ sped


Category 7: The craziest verbs!

group 19: vowel change pattern i - a - u

begin began begun
drink drank drunk
ring rang rung
shrink shrank shrunk
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
spin span \ spun spun
spring sprang sprung
swim swam swum


group 20: vowel change, V1=V3

come came come
become became become
run ran run


group 21: miscellaneous

the verb to be
am
is
are was
was
were been
go went gone
*dive
(jumped head first) dove dived
*dive
(scuba-diving) dived dived
do did done
can could
may might
hold held held
stand stood stood
understand understood understood
sit sat sat
babysit babysat babysat
win won won
lose lost lost
[/fieldset]